8 Types of 3D Printing Processes
Get familiar with these common 3D printing methods and machines and learn what each brings to the build plate
When it comes to 3D printing, you’re only limited by your imagination. Nowadays, it’s easier to ask the question, “What can’t you print using this process?” rather than listing the long and never-ending list of what can be produced. 3D printing is able to make simple tools, pump out full-blown architectural models, and even create prosthetics.
Not all printing needs will be the same, and there are actually quite a few methods you can choose from. For instance, at Xometry, we offer nine unique 3D printing processes, and are always aiming to add more. Each of these processes has its own pros and cons. Some are better for working with metal, other styles cure with lasers, and some are built for beginners interested in trying printing for the first time. Up ahead, learn about the different types of 3D printing and get an idea of the strengths and weaknesses of each.
1. Polyjet Printing
While 3D printers may seem pretty futuristic, PolyJet printing is the closest thing to the good ol’ fashioned inkjet printing you’re probably most familiar with. These machines use print heads to sprinkle tiny droplets of photopolymer resin onto a build plate, which then get hardened by a UV light in layers. Xometry’s PolyJet machines are capable of full-color and multi-material prints, making them ideal for creating lifelike models and visual prototypes. Be warned, though, PolyJet materials are not known for durability and are not suitable for end-use components.
The photo below shows one of our PolyJet printers creating full-color parts:
Xometry's PolyJet 3D printer creating multi-color parts.
This table shows the materials a polyjet printer can use, what it can make, and its strengths.
| Materials | Strengths | Common Applications | Dimensional Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
Materials Rigid photopolymers, Shore A Rubber-Likes, Clear photopolymer | Strengths High resolution, Multi-material, full-color | Common Applications Overmold prototypes, full-color concept models, educational models | Dimensional Accuracy +/- 0.004” for the first inch, plus +/- 0.002” for every inch thereafter |
2. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) machines can be found anywhere from a desk of a hobbyist, to the manufacturing floors of production facilities like Xometrys. This popular method involves moving a plastic filament through a heated nozzle to melt it and build up a part layer by layer until the final product is finished. There are many different filament materials to choose from, whether you’re after a more rigid plastic or bendy thermoplastic elastomer.
The image below shows one of Xometrys industrial printers capable of producing parts up to three feet in length:
One of Xometry’s many industrial FDM 3D printers
This table shares the materials a fused deposition modeling printer uses, what it can make, and its advantages compared to other printers.
| Materials | Strengths | Common Applications | Dimensional Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
Materials ABS, PLA, PC, ULTEM, and more | Strengths Low-cost, large print volumes, material variety | Common Applications Prototyping, Hobbyist parts, Manufacturing Jigs | Dimensional Accuracy +/- a single build layer thickness for the first inch and +/- .002” for every inch thereafter |
3. Stereolithography (SLA)
Stereolithography (SLA) was the first kind of 3D printing that everyday people could get their hands on. This printer uses a high-powered laser to cure liquid photopolymer on its build plate. The laser zips around in the shape of the part’s cross-section, curing it and getting it ready for the next layer. It works with a process called polymerization to build the item you’ve designed layer by layer. It’s a great printing option if you want to build intricate models or products. Xometry offers many different SLA materials, many of which are transparent and useful for creating parts that you need to see through.
The photo shows some parts created through Xometry’s SLA service:
Various transparent tags made using SLA 3D printing
This chart points out the strengths and uses for an SLA printer. It also shows the materials it can manage and the types of things it can create.
| Materials | Strengths | Common Applications | Dimensional Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
Materials Polycarbonate-Like, ABS-Like, Polypropylene like | Strengths High resolution/detail, accurate, large print area | Common Applications Casting patterns, Prototypes, Concept models | Dimensional Accuracy +/- 0.002" - +/- 0.010" |
Get Instant Quoting Across 9 Different 3D Printing Processes
4. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Selective laser sintering (SLS) swaps in those well-known plastic filaments for powdered plastic; typically nylon. This machine spreads a thin layer of this powder using a device called a recoater, then traces out the part’s cross-section with a laser. During the tracing, the heat from the laser melts the powder and it fuses together. The build chamber piston will then lower slightly, and another layer of powder will be spread across, and the process repeats until your product comes to life. This type of printing method does not require support structures as the un-sintered powder encases the parts throughout the medium, supporting them. For this reason, many parts can be built simultaneously in a single build which makes this type of printing superb for creating lots of parts at the same time, while retaining accuracy and quality.
The following diagram shows how an SLS 3D printer system works:
SLS 3D printing system.
This table lays out the materials you can send through this printer, what it makes, and its advantages.
| Materials | Strengths | Common Applications | Dimensional Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
Materials Nylon 11, Nylon 12, Filled Nylon (e.g. Glass-Filled) | Strengths No support structures needed, complex geometries, durable parts | Common Applications Concept models, end-use parts, medical devices | Dimensional Accuracy +/- 0.002" - 0.003" per inch |
5. Multi-Jet Fusion (MJF)
Multi-jet fusion printing has a lot of moving parts. On these machines, a layer of plastic powder is deposited that’s then warmed up by a heating head. An inkjet-style array hovers over top and precisely sprays fusing and detailing agents into the powder. The heating elements fuse it all together, and the process repeats. Like SLS printing, MJF parts do not require support structures due to the powder-based method, and therefore many parts can be printed simultaneously both horizontally and vertically in the build chamber. At Xometry, we offer both rigid and flexible materials through MJF and multiple finishing options, such as dyeing and chemical vapor smoothing to enhance the prints further.
The image below is an example of a part made using MJF, which in this case, has also been dyed black:
Nylon 12 part printed using MJF with a dyed black finish.
The following table shares the materials you can use with an MJF printer, what it can create, and its advantages.
| Materials | Strengths | Common Applications | Dimensional Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
Materials Nylon PA 12, Polypropylene, Glass Filled Nylon, TPU 88A | Strengths Highly Accurate, Fast, Low-cost | Common Applications Visually accurate prototypes, End-use parts | Dimensional Accuracy +/- 0.7mm |
6. Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)
When you’re in the market for a process that can 3D print directly in metal, look to direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). Similar to selective laser sintering, DMLS machines deposit a thin layer of metallic powder, then use their powerful lasers to trace out each part’s cross section layer by layer, fusing the metallic particles together to form parts. Unlike SLS, support structures are required as the heat and stress generated by sintering metal is much greater than with plastics. Due to their size, high cost, and the extensive post-processing steps required on parts after printing is completed, DMLS machines tend to only be found in industrial shops, such as those within Xometry’s network.
This picture shows a DMLS printer at Xometry in the midst of sintering parts from steel powder:
DMLS 3D printer sintering steel powder to form parts.
The following chart breaks down what you can make with DMLS printers, the materials you can use, and what kind of applications it’s good for.
| Materials | Strengths | Common Applications | Dimensional Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
Materials Stainless Steel, Aluminum, Nickel Alloys, Titanium | Strengths Highly detail, fully dense metal parts | Common Applications Aerospace & automotive components | Dimensional Accuracy +/- 0.005” for the first inch, plus +/- 0.002” for every inch thereafter. |
7. Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
If you dial up the difficulty level, you’ll come across printing methods such as electron beam melting (EBM). Like DMLS, these machines fall into the industrial category and require the related expertise. Its process is all in the name—it uses electron beams to fuse metal particles together. The machine puts down a layer of metal powder, then the beam does the tracing and melting. The beam can even be split to tackle multiple areas all at once.
In this chart, you’ll see the materials an EBM 3D printer uses, what it can build, and its strengths.
| Materials | Strengths | Common Applications | Dimensional Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
Materials Chromium, Titanium | Strengths Faster than DMLS | Common Applications Aerospace, medical, & petrochemical components | Dimensional Accuracy N/A |
8. Digital Light Process (DLP)
Some 3D printing options are similar to others, which is the case with digital light process (DLP) and SLA printers. The main difference is that a DLP machine will project an image using a UV light across the entire material vat at one time, instead of drawing the cross section one point at a time with a laser. Digital light processing has made access to photopolymer printing more accessible. It’s cheaper and faster than SLA, but it can still make high-quality parts.
This chart breaks down the materials, uses, and strengths of a DLP printer:
| Materials | Strengths | Common Applications | Dimensional Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
Materials Polycarbonate-Like, ABS-Like, Polypropylene like | Strengths Faster than SLA | Common Applications Jewelry Casting, Dental Splints, Miniature Figurines | Dimensional Accuracy 0.1 mm |
3D Printing Factors to Consider
There are all sorts of 3D printers out there for every kind of need. You’ll want to think about the end product you’re trying to build, the materials you’d like it to be made of, and the budget and timescale you have. If you’re looking for a printer you can have at home for enjoyment and low-key production, hobbyist FDM or SLA printers may fit the bill. More advanced printers, like DMLS machines, are a better fit for industrial spaces and industries like aerospace, engineering, or medicine.
Summary
This article provided a look at 8 different 3D printing technologies, their applications, and their strengths.
Many of these processes and more are available at your fingertips through the Xometry Instant Quoting Engine®. All you need to do is upload your 3D CAD file, such as an STL, and configure your quote from the options to get instant pricing and lead times. Give it a try today and get your instant quote!
Disclaimer
The content appearing on this webpage is for informational purposes only. Xometry makes no representation or warranty of any kind, be it expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness, or validity of the information. Any performance parameters, geometric tolerances, specific design features, quality and types of materials, or processes should not be inferred to represent what will be delivered by third-party suppliers or manufacturers through Xometry’s network. Buyers seeking quotes for parts are responsible for defining the specific requirements for those parts. Please refer to our terms and conditions for more information.